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Tianjin, Kuala Lumpur, Toronto, Milan, Shenyang, Dallas, Fort Worth, Boston, Belo Horizonte, Khartoum, Riyadh, Singapore, Washington, Detroit, Barcelona,, Houston, Athens, Berlin, Sydney, Atlanta, Guadalajara, San Francisco, Oakland, Montreal, Monterey, Melbourne, Ankara, Recife, Phoenix/Mesa, Durban, Porto Alegre, Dalian, Jeddah, Seattle, Cape Town, San Diego, Fortaleza, Curitiba, Rome, Naples, Minneapolis, St. Paul, Tel Aviv, Birmingham, Frankfurt, Lisbon, Manchester, San Juan, Katowice, Tashkent, Fukuoka, Baku, Sumqayit, St. Louis, Baltimore, Sapporo, Tampa, St. Petersburg, Taichung, Warsaw, Denver, Cologne, Bonn, Hamburg, Dubai, Pretoria, Vancouver, Beirut, Budapest, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, Campinas, Harare, Brasilia, Kuwait, Munich, Portland, Brussels, Vienna, San Jose, Damman , Copenhagen, Brisbane, Riverside, San Bernardino, Cincinnati and Accra "The greatest adventure series of all time." ―Ebert & Roeper[src] StarWarsOpeningLogo Star Wars logo Star Wars Created by George Lucas Original work Star Wars (1977)[a] Owner Lucasfilm (The Walt Disney Company) Print publications Novel(s) List of novels Comics List of comics Films and television Film(s) Skywalker saga (9 films; 1977–2019) Anthology (2 films; since 2016) full list... Television series The Mandalorian (2019) Animated series The Clone Wars (since 2008) Rebels (2014–18) Resistance (since 2018) full list... Games Role-playing List of RPGs Video game(s) List of video games Audio Radio program(s) List of radio dramas Original music Music Miscellaneous Toys Toys Theme park attractions List of theme park attractions Star Wars is an American epic space opera franchise, created by George Lucas and centered around a film series that began with the eponymous 1977 movie. The saga quickly became a worldwide pop culture phenomenon. The first film was followed by two successful sequels, The Empire Strikes Back (1980) and Return of the Jedi (1983); these three films constitute the original Star Wars trilogy. A prequel trilogy was released between 1999 and 2005, albeit to mixed reactions from critics and fans. A sequel trilogy concluding the main story of the nine-episode saga began in 2015 with The Force Awakens.[1] The first eight films were nominated for Academy Awards (with wins going to the first two released) and were commercially successful, with a combined box office revenue of over US$8.5 billion.[2] Together with the theatrical spin-off films The Clone Wars (2008), Rogue One (2016) and Solo: A Star Wars Story (2018), Star Wars is the second highest-grossing film series ever.[3] The film series has spawned into other media, including books, television shows, computer and video games, theme park attractions and lands, and comic books, resulting in significant development of the series' fictional universe. Star Wars holds a Guinness World Records title for the "Most successful film merchandising franchise". In 2018, the total value of the Star Wars franchise was estimated at US$65 billion, and it is currently the fifth-highest-grossing media franchise of all time. Contents 1 Setting 2 Theatrical films 2.1 Skywalker saga 2.2 Standalone films 2.3 Planned spin-off series 3 Television and internet 3.1 TV films and specials 3.2 Animated series 3.3 Live-action series 4 In other media 4.1 Print media 4.2 Audio 4.3 Video games 4.4 Theme park attractions 4.5 Multimedia projects 4.6 Merchandising 5 Themes 5.1 Historical influences 6 Cultural impact 6.1 Industry 6.2 Academia 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Setting George Lucas created the franchise, wrote and directed Episodes I–IV, and co-wrote/produced Episodes V and VI. He has had limited involvement since 2012. "Star Wars galaxy" redirects here. For the video game, see Star Wars Galaxies. For the comic series named Star Wars Galaxy, see Star Wars (UK comics). See also: List of Star Wars planets and moons The Star Wars franchise depicts the adventures of characters "A long time ago in a galaxy far, far away."[4] Many species of aliens (often humanoid) co-exist with droids who may assist them in their daily routines, and space travel between planets is common due to hyperspace technology.[5][6][7] The rises and falls of different governments are chronicled throughout the saga: the democratic Galactic Republic is corrupted and overthrown by the Empire,[8] which is fought by the "Rebel" Alliance to Restore the Republic. The New Republic later rebuilds society, but the remnants of the Empire reform as the First Order and attempt to destroy the Republic.[9] Heroes of the former rebellion lead the Resistance against the oppressive dictatorship. A mystical power known as "the Force" is described in the original film as "an energy field created by all living things ... [that] binds the galaxy together."[10] Those whom "the Force is strong with" have quick reflexes; through training and meditation, they are able to perform various superpowers (such as telekinesis, precognition, telepathy, and manipulation of physical energy).[11] The Force is wielded by two major knighthood orders at conflict with each other: the Jedi, who act on the light side of the Force through non-attachment and arbitration, and the Sith, who use the dark side through fear and aggression. The latter's members are intended to be limited to two: a master and their apprentice.[12] Theatrical films The Star Wars film series centers around a "trilogy of trilogies" (also referred to as the "Skywalker saga"[1] or the "Star Wars saga"). They were released out of sequence: the original (Episodes IV–VI, 1977–83), prequel (Episodes I–III, 1999–2005), and sequel (Episodes VII–IX, 2015–19) trilogy. The first two trilogies were released on three year intervals, the sequel trilogy films two years apart. Each trilogy centers on a generation of the Force-sensitive Skywalker family. The prequels focus on Anakin Skywalker, the original trilogy on his son Luke, and the sequels on Luke's nephew Kylo Ren. A theatrical animated film, The Clone Wars (2008), was released as a pilot to a TV series of the same name. They were among the last projects overseen by George Lucas before the franchise was sold to Disney in 2012. An anthology series set between the main episodes entered development in parallel to the production of the sequel trilogy,[13] described by Disney CFO Jay Rasulo as origin stories.[14] The first entry, Rogue One (2016), tells the story of the rebels who steal the Death Star plans directly before Episode IV.[15][16] Solo: A Star Wars Story (2018) focuses on Han's backstory, also featuring Chewbacca and Lando Calrissian. An untitled trilogy by Episode VIII's director Rian Johnson has been announced, with an additional film series by Game of Thrones creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss also in development. Skywalker saga Prequel trilogy Original trilogy Sequel trilogy Film Release date Director Screenwriter(s) Story by Producer(s) Composer Initial distributor Episode IV A New Hope May 25, 1977 George Lucas Gary Kurtz John Williams 20th Century Fox Episode V The Empire Strikes Back May 21, 1980 Irvin Kershner Leigh Brackett and Lawrence Kasdan George Lucas Episode VI Return of the Jedi May 25, 1983 Richard Marquand Lawrence Kasdan and George Lucas Howard Kazanjian Episode I The Phantom Menace May 19, 1999 George Lucas Rick McCallum Episode II Attack of the Clones May 16, 2002 George Lucas George Lucas and Jonathan Hales George Lucas Episode III Revenge of the Sith May 19, 2005 George Lucas Episode VII The Force Awakens December 18, 2015 J. J. Abrams Lawrence Kasdan & J. J. Abrams and Michael Arndt Kathleen Kennedy, J. J. Abrams and Bryan Burk Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Episode VIII The Last Jedi December 15, 2017 Rian Johnson Kathleen Kennedy and Ram Bergman Episode IX December 20, 2019 J. J. Abrams J. J. Abrams & Chris Terrio[17][18] Kathleen Kennedy, J. J. Abrams and Michelle Rejwan Original trilogy Further information: List of Star Wars films and television series § Original trilogy The central three characters of the original trilogy were played by Mark Hamill (Luke Skywalker), Harrison Ford (Han Solo), and Carrie Fisher (Princess Leia), respectively. In 1971, Lucas wanted to film an adaptation of the Flash Gordon serial, but couldn't obtain the rights. He began developing his own story inspired by the work of Edgar Rice Burroughs.[b][19] Immediately after directing American Graffiti (1973), Lucas wrote a two-page synopsis for his space opera, titled Journal of the Whills. After United Artists, Universal Studios and Disney rejected the film, 20th Century Fox decided to invest in it.[20][21][22] Lucas felt his original story was too difficult to understand, so on April 17, 1973, he began writing a 13-page script titled The Star Wars, sharing strong similarities with Akira Kurosawa's The Hidden Fortress (1958).[23] By 1974, he had expanded the script into the first draft of a screenplay, adding elements such as the Sith and the Death Star. Subsequent drafts evolved into the script of the original film.[24] Lucas negotiated to retain the sequel rights. Tom Pollock, then Lucas' lawyer writes: "We came to an agreement that George would retain the sequel rights. Not all the [merchandising rights] that came later, mind you; just the sequel rights. And Fox would get a first opportunity and last refusal right to make the movie."[25] Lucas was offered $50,000 to write, another $50,000 to produce, and $50,000 to direct the film.[25] The offer was later increased.[26] American Graffiti cast member Harrison Ford had given up on acting and become a carpenter whom Lucas hired for his home renovations, until Lucas decided to cast him as Han Solo.[27] Star Wars was released on May 25, 1977. Its success led Lucas to make it the basis of an elaborate film serial.[28] With the backstory he created for the sequel, Lucas decided that the series would be a trilogy of trilogies,[29] with the original film retitled Star Wars: Episode IV – A New Hope for its 1981 rerelease.[30] Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back was released on May 21, 1980, and Episode VI: Return of the Jedi on May 25, 1983. The sequels were self-financed by Lucasfilm, and generally advertised without the episodic number distinction present in their opening crawls. The plot of the original trilogy centers on the Galactic Civil War of the Rebel Alliance trying to free the galaxy from the clutches of the Galactic Empire, as well as on Luke Skywalker's quest to become a Jedi. Prequel trilogy Further information: List of Star Wars films and television series § Prequel trilogy The central trio of the prequel trilogy was played by Hayden Christensen (Anakin Skywalker), Ewan McGregor (Obi-Wan Kenobi), and Natalie Portman (Padmé Amidala), respectively. According to producer Gary Kurtz, loose plans for a prequel trilogy were developed during the outlining of the original two films.[31] In 1980, Lucas confirmed that he had the nine-film series plotted,[32] but due to the stress of producing the original trilogy and pressure from his wife to settle down, he had decided to cancel further sequels by 1981.[33] Technical advances in the late 1980s and early 1990s, including the ability to create computer-generated imagery, inspired Lucas to consider that it might be possible to revisit his saga. In 1989, Lucas stated that the prequel trilogy would be "unbelievably expensive."[34] The popularity of the franchise had been prolonged by the Star Wars expanded universe, so that it still had a large audience. A theatrical rerelease "updated" the original trilogy with the style of CGI envisioned for the new films. Episode I: The Phantom Menace was released on May 19, 1999, and Episode II: Attack of the Clones on May 16, 2002, both to mixed reviews. Episode III: Revenge of the Sith, the first PG-13 film in the franchise, was released on May 19, 2005.[35] The plot of the trilogy focuses on the fall of the Galactic Republic, the formation of the Empire, and the tragedy of Anakin Skywalker's turn to the dark side. Sequel trilogy Further information: List of Star Wars films and television series § Sequel trilogy The main cast of the sequel trilogy is played by Daisy Ridley (Rey), John Boyega (Finn), Adam Driver (Kylo Ren), and Oscar Isaac (Poe Dameron), respectively. Prior to releasing the original film, and made possible by its success, Lucas planned "three trilogies of nine films."[29][36] He announced this to Time in 1978,[37] and confirmed that he had outlined them in 1981.[38] At various stages of development, the sequel trilogy was to focus on the rebuilding of the Republic,[39] the return of Luke in a role similar to that of Obi-Wan in the original trilogy (and with a female love interest),[40][36] Luke's sister (not yet determined to be Leia),[31] Han, Leia,[41] R2-D2 and C-3PO.[29][42] However, after beginning work on the prequel trilogy, Lucas insisted that Star Wars was meant to be a six-part series and that there would be no sequel trilogy.[43][44][45] While promoting The Clone Wars in 2008, Lucas maintained his position on a sequel trilogy: "The movies were the story of Anakin Skywalker and Luke Skywalker, and when Luke saves the galaxy and redeems his father, that's where that story ends."[46] In May 2011, Lucas and Disney CEO Bob Iger began discussing the acquisition of Lucasfilm by Disney.[47] A few months later, Lucas discreetly began working on guidelines for a sequel trilogy involving "a microbiotic world" and creatures known as the Whills, Force-beings that "control the universe,"[48][49][50] although not all of his ideas would be used.[51] He later decided to leave the franchise in the hands of other filmmakers, announcing in January 2012 that he would step away from making blockbuster films.[52] In October 2012, The Walt Disney Company agreed to buy Lucasfilm and announced that Episode VII would be released in 2015.[53] The co-chairman of Lucasfilm, Kathleen Kennedy, became president of the company, reporting to Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan Horn. Kennedy also served as executive producer of new Star Wars feature films, with Lucas serving as creative consultant.[54] As announced by Lucasfilm, the sequel trilogy also meant the end of the existing Star Wars expanded universe, which was discarded to give "maximum creative freedom to the filmmakers and also preserve an element of surprise and discovery for the audience."[55] The sequel trilogy focuses on the journey of the orphaned scavenger Rey following in the footsteps of the Jedi with the guidance of the reluctant last Jedi, Luke Skywalker. Along with ex-stormtrooper Finn, she helps the Resistance led by Leia fight the First Order commanded by Supreme Leader Snoke and his pupil Kylo Ren (Han Solo and Leia's son). Episode VII: The Force Awakens was released on December 18, 2015, Episode VIII: The Last Jedi on December 15, 2017, and Episode IX is due to be released on December 20, 2019. Standalone films In his initial planning following the success of Star Wars, Lucas planned a few standalone films separate from the Skywalker saga.[29] Theatrical films outside the main episodic series have their origin in the Ewok spin-off films Caravan of Courage: An Ewok Adventure (1984) and Ewoks: Battle for Endor (1985), which were screened internationally after being produced for television. Although based on story ideas from Lucas, they do not bear Star Wars in their titles, and were considered to exist in a lower level of canon than the episodic films. After the conclusion of his then six-episode saga in 2005, Lucas continued developing spin-offs in the form of television series and theatrical films. Film Release date Director Screenwriter(s) Story by Producer(s) Composer Initial distributor Star Wars: The Clone Wars August 15, 2008 Dave Filoni Henry Gilroy & Steven Melching & Scott Murphy George Lucas and Catherine Winder Kevin Kiner Warner Bros. Pictures Rogue One: A Star Wars Story December 16, 2016 Gareth Edwards Chris Weitz and Tony Gilroy John Knoll and Gary Whitta Kathleen Kennedy, Allison Shearmur and Simon Emanuel Michael Giacchino Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Solo: A Star Wars Story May 25, 2018 Ron Howard Jon Kasdan & Lawrence Kasdan John Powell John Williams Preceding the airing of the animated TV series in late 2008, the theatrical feature Star Wars: The Clone Wars was compiled from episodes "almost [as] an afterthought."[56][57] It reveals that Anakin trained an apprentice between Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith; the series explains Padawan Ahsoka Tano's absence from the latter film. The character was originally criticized by fans, but by the end of the series the character had become a fan favorite.[58][59] It exists in the same level of canon as the episodic and anthology films.[60] Anthology films Further information: List of Star Wars films and television series § Anthology films Before selling Lucasfilm to Disney in 2012, and parallel to his development of a sequel trilogy, George Lucas and original trilogy co-screenwriter Lawrence Kasdan started development on a standalone film about a young Han Solo.[13] On February 5, 2013, Disney CEO Bob Iger made public the development of the Kasdan film, along with an undisclosed film written by Simon Kinberg.[61] Disney CFO Jay Rasulo has described the standalone films as origin stories.[14] Lucasfilm and Kennedy have stated that the standalone films would be referred to as the Star Wars anthology series[15] (albeit the word anthology has not been used in any of the titles, instead carrying the promotional "A Star Wars Story" subtitle. Focused on how the rebels obtained the Death Star plans from the 1977 film, the first anthology film, Rogue One, was released on December 16, 2016 to favorable reviews and box office success. The second, Solo: A Star Wars Story, centered on a young Han Solo with Chewbacca and Lando as supporting characters, was released on May 25, 2018 to mixed reviews and underperformance at the box office. Despite this, more anthology films are expected to be released.[62] Planned spin-off series Untitled trilogy by Rian Johnson In November 2017, Lucasfilm announced that Rian Johnson, the writer/director of The Last Jedi, would be working on a new trilogy. The films will reportedly differ from the Skywalker-focused films in favor of focusing on new characters. Johnson is confirmed to write and direct the first film.[63] Untitled films by Benioff and Weiss In February 2018, it was announced that David Benioff and D. B. Weiss would write and produce a series of Star Wars films that are not Skywalker-focused films, similar to (but separate from) Rian Johnson's upcoming installments in the franchise.[64] Television and internet TV films and specials Further information: List of Star Wars films and television series § TV films and specials Film Release date Director(s) Screen writer(s) Network Setting Canon Holiday Special Holiday Special November 17, 1978 David Acomba and Steve Binder Bruce Vilanch CBS Between A New Hope and The Empire Strikes Back No Ewok television films Caravan of Courage: An Ewok Adventure November 25, 1984 John Korty Bob Carrau Story by: George Lucas ABC Between A New Hope and Return of the Jedi No Ewoks: The Battle for Endor November 24, 1985 Jim Wheat and Ken Wheat Jim Wheat and Ken Wheat Story by: George Lucas A two-hour Star Wars Holiday Special focusing on Chewbacca's family was produced for CBS in 1978. Along with the stars of the original film, celebrity guest stars appear in plot-related skits and musical numbers. Lucas loathed the special and forbade it to be reaired or released on home video.[65] An 11-minute animated sequence features the first appearance of bounty hunter Boba Fett. The Ewoks from Return of the Jedi were featured in two spin-off television films, The Ewok Adventure and Ewoks: The Battle for Endor. Both aired on ABC on the Thanksgiving weekends of 1984 and 1985, respectively. Warwick Davis reprised his debut role as the main Ewok, Wicket, in a story by Lucas and a screenplay by Bob Carrau. Wicket helps two children rescue their parents from a giant creature.[66][67] In the sequel, the Ewoks protect their village from invaders, while a child from the first film tries to escape.[68][66][69] Animated series Further information: List of Star Wars films and television series § Animated series Title Seasons Episodes Release year Supervising Director Production company Network Setting Canon Droids 1 13 1985–86 N/A Nelvana ABC Between Revenge of the Sith and A New Hope No Ewoks 2 35 1985–86 Before Return of the Jedi Clone Wars 3 25 2003–05 Genndy Tartakovsky Cartoon Network Studios Cartoon Network Between Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith The Clone Wars 6 121 2008–2014; 2019 Dave Filoni Lucasfilm Animation Cartoon Network (Season 1–5) Netflix (Season 6) Disney streaming service (Season 7) Yes Rebels 4 75 2014–18 Dave Filoni (Season 1-2) Justin Ridge (Season 3-4) Disney XD Between Revenge of the Sith and A New Hope Forces of Destiny 2 32 2017– Dave Filoni YouTube Across all eras Resistance 1 N/A 2018 Disney XD Between Return of the Jedi and The Force Awakens Nelvana, the animation studio that had animated the animated segment of the Holiday Special was hired to create two animated series. Droids (1985–1986), which aired for one season on ABC, follows the adventures of C-3PO and R2-D2 before the events of A New Hope.[68][70][71] Its sister series Ewoks (1985–1987) features the Ewoks before Return of the Jedi and the Ewok movies.[68][71] Dave Filoni, supervising director on two Star Wars animated series, was later promoted to oversee the development of future Lucasfilm Animation projects.[72] After the release of Attack of the Clones, Cartoon Network produced and aired the micro-series Clone Wars from 2003 to weeks before the 2005 release of Revenge of the Sith, as the series featured events set between those films.[73][74] It won the Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Animated Program in 2004 and 2005.[75][76] Lucas decided to invest in creating his own animation company, Lucasfilm Animation, and used it to create his first in-house Star Wars CGI-animated series. The Clone Wars (2008–2014) was introduced through a 2008 animated film of the same name.[77] Both were accepted to the highest level canon in 2014; all series released afterwards would also be canon.[60][78] In 2014, Disney XD began airing Star Wars Rebels, the first CGI-animated series produced in the new era. Set between Revenge of the Sith and A New Hope, it follows a band of rebels as they fight the Galactic Empire and helped close some of the arcs in The Clone Wars.[79][80][81][82] The animated microseries Star Wars Forces of Destiny debuted in 2017, focusing on the female characters of the franchise.[83] The animated series Star Wars Resistance debuted in late 2018, is anime-inspired, and focuses on a young Resistance pilot shortly before The Force Awakens.[84] Live-action series Further information: List of Star Wars films and television series § Live-action series When Lucasfilm was sold to Disney, this reportedly included 50 written scripts for a proposed live-action television series with the working title Star Wars: Underworld.[85] The series was to be set between the prequel and original trilogies and focus on the criminal and political power struggles as the Empire took over the galaxy.[86][85] As of November 2018, Disney has not moved forward with that project but has expressed interest in expanding Star Wars into live-action television. With their upcoming planned direct-to-consumer streaming service, Disney+, it has been reported that multiple live-action series are in development.[87][88] Visual effects studio Industrial Light & Magic, a subsidiary of Lucasfilm, opened a new division in November 2018 targeted for streaming and episodic television called ILM TV.[89] Based in London with support from the company’s locations in San Francisco, Vancouver, and Singapore, it's expected the new division will work extensively on any current and future live-action Star Wars television series, starting with The Mandalorian.[89] The Mandalorian Main article: The Mandalorian In November 2017, Bob Iger discussed the development of a Star Wars series for Disney+, due to launch in 2019.[90] It was announced in March 2018 that Jon Favreau, who voiced the characters in The Clone Wars and in Solo: A Star Wars Story, will produce and write one of the television series.[91] Entitled The Mandalorian, it will be set three years after Return of the Jedi and center on a lone gunfighter in the outer reaches of the galaxy.[92][93][94] Production on 10 episodes of the series began in October 2018, with a reported budget of $100 million.[95] Other series In November 2018, Lucasfilm announced that development on a live-action Cassian Andor "spy thriller" series for Disney+ had also begun. Diego Luna will reprise his role from Rogue One, and production is planned to begin in 2019.[96] In other media Main article: Star Wars expanded to other media From 1977 to 2014, the term Expanded Universe (EU) was an umbrella term for all officially licensed Star Wars storytelling material set outside the events depicted within the theatrical films, including novels, comics, and video games.[97] Lucasfilm maintained internal continuity between the films and television content and the EU material until April 25, 2014, when the company announced all of the EU works would cease production. Existing works would no longer be considered canon to the franchise and subsequent reprints would be rebranded under the Star Wars Legends label,[97] with downloadable content for the massively multiplayer online game The Old Republic the only Legends material to still be produced. The Star Wars canon was subsequently restructured to only include the existing six feature films, the animated film The Clone Wars (2008), and its companion animated series. All future projects and creative developments across all types of media would be overseen and coordinated by the story group, announced as a division of Lucasfilm created to maintain continuity and a cohesive vision on the storytelling of the franchise.[60] Multiple comics series from Marvel and novels published by Del Rey were produced after the announcement. Print media Star Wars in print predates the release of the first film, with the December 1976 novelization of Star Wars, subtitled "From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker". Credited to Lucas, it was ghostwritten by Alan Dean Foster.[98] The first "Expanded Universe" story appeared in Marvel Comics' Star Wars #7 in January 1978 (the first six issues being an adaptation of the film), followed by Foster's sequel novel Splinter of the Mind's Eye the following month. Novels Further information: List of Star Wars books Timothy Zahn authored the Thrawn trilogy, which was widely credited with revitalizing the dormant Star Wars franchise. After penning the novelization of the original film, Foster followed it with the sequel Splinter of the Mind's Eye (1978). The novelizations of The Empire Strikes Back (1980) by Donald F. Glut and Return of the Jedi (1983) by James Kahn followed, as well as The Han Solo Adventures trilogy (1979–1980) by Brian Daley,[99] and The Adventures of Lando Calrissian (1983) trilogy by L. Neil Smith.[100][68] Timothy Zahn's bestselling Thrawn trilogy (1991–1993) reignited interest in the franchise and introduced the popular characters Grand Admiral Thrawn, Mara Jade, Talon Karrde, and Gilad Pellaeon.[101][102][103][104] The first novel, Heir to the Empire, reached #1 on the New York Times Best Seller list,[105] and the series finds Luke, Leia, and Han facing off against tactical genius Thrawn, who is plotting to retake the galaxy for the Empire.[106] In The Courtship of Princess Leia (1994) by Dave Wolverton, set immediately before the Thrawn trilogy, Leia considers an advantageous political marriage to Prince Isolder of the planet Hapes, but she and Han ultimately marry.[107][108] Steve Perry's Shadows of the Empire (1996), set between The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi, was part of a multimedia campaign that included a comic book series and video game.[109][110] The novel introduced the crime lord Prince Xizor, another popular character who would appear in multiple other works.[109][111] Other notable series from Bantam include the Jedi Academy trilogy (1994) by Kevin J. Anderson,[112][113] the 14-book Young Jedi Knights series (1995–1998) by Anderson and Rebecca Moesta,[113][114] and the X-wing series (1996–2012) by Michael A. Stackpole and Aaron Allston.[115][116][117] Del Rey took over Star Wars book publishing in 1999, releasing what would become a 19-installment novel series called The New Jedi Order (1999–2003). Written by multiple authors, the series was set 25 to 30 years after the original films and introduced the Yuuzhan Vong, a powerful alien race attempting to invade and conquer the entire galaxy.[118][119] The bestselling multi-author series Legacy of the Force (2006–2008) chronicles the crossover of Han and Leia's son Jacen Solo to the dark side of the Force; among his evil deeds, he kills Luke's wife Mara Jade as a sacrifice to join the Sith. Although no longer canon, the story is paralleled in The Force Awakens with Han and Leia's son Ben Solo, who has become the dark Kylo Ren.[120][121][122][123] Three series set in the prequel era were introduced for younger audiences: the 18-book Jedi Apprentice (1999–2002) chronicles the adventures of Obi-Wan Kenobi and his master Qui-Gon Jinn in the years before The Phantom Menace; the 11-book Jedi Quest (2001–2004) follows Obi-Wan and his own apprentice, Anakin Skywalker in between The Phantom Menace and Attack of the Clones; and the 10-book The Last of the Jedi (2005–2008), set almost immediately after Revenge of the Sith, features Obi-Wan and the last few surviving Jedi. Maul: Lockdown by Joe Schreiber, released in January 2014, was the last Star Wars novel published before Lucasfilm announced the creation of the Star Wars Legends brand.[124][125][126] Although Thrawn had been designated a Legends character in 2014, he was reintroduced into the canon in the 2016 third season of Rebels, with Zahn returning to write more novels based in the character, and set in the new canon.[127][128] Comics Main articles: Star Wars comics and List of Star Wars comic books Marvel Comics published a Star Wars comic book series from 1977 to 1986.[129][130][131][132] Original Star Wars comics were serialized in the Marvel magazine Pizzazz between 1977 and 1979. The 1977 installments were the first original Star Wars stories not directly adapted from the films to appear in print form, as they preceded those of the Star Wars comic series.[133] From 1985–1987, the animated children's series Ewoks and Droids inspired comic series from Marvel's Star Comics line.[134][135][136] In the late 1980s, Marvel dropped a new Star Wars comic it had in development, which was picked up by Dark Horse Comics and published as the popular Dark Empire series (1991–1995).[137] Dark Horse subsequently launched dozens of series set after the original film trilogy, including Tales of the Jedi (1993–1998), X-wing Rogue Squadron (1995–1998), Star Wars: Republic (1998–2006), Star Wars Tales (1999–2005), Star Wars: Empire (2002–2006), and Knights of the Old Republic (2006–2010).[138][139] After Disney's acquisition of Lucasfilm, it was announced in January 2014 that in 2015 the Star Wars comics license would return to Marvel Comics,[140] whose parent company, Marvel Entertainment, Disney had purchased in 2009.[141] Launched in 2015, the first three publications were titled Star Wars, Darth Vader, and the limited series Princess Leia.[142][143][144] Audio Soundtracks and singles Further information: Music of Star Wars Audio novels Further information: List of Star Wars books Radio Further information: Star Wars (radio) Radio adaptations of the films were also produced. Lucas, a fan of the NPR-affiliated campus radio station of his alma mater the University of Southern California, licensed the Star Wars radio rights to KUSC-FM for US$1. The production used John Williams' original film score, along with Ben Burtt's sound effects.[145][146] The first was written by science fiction author Brian Daley and directed by John Madden. It was broadcast on National Public Radio in 1981, adapting the original 1977 film into 13-episodes.[147][145][146] Mark Hamill and Anthony Daniels reprised their film roles.[147][145] The overwhelming success, led to a 10-episode adaptation of The Empire Strikes Back debuted in 1983.[148] Billy Dee Williams joined the other two stars, reprising his role as Lando Calrissian.[149] In 1983, Buena Vista Records released an original, 30-minute Star Wars audio drama titled Rebel Mission to Ord Mantell, written by Daley.[146][150] In the 1990s, Time Warner Audio Publishing adapted several Star Wars series from Dark Horse Comics into audio dramas: the three-part Dark Empire saga, Tales of the Jedi, Dark Lords of the Sith, the Dark Forces trilogy, and Crimson Empire (1998).[150] Return of the Jedi was adapted into 6-episodes in 1996, featuring Daniels.[145][150] Video games Further information: Star Wars video games and List of Star Wars video games The first officially licensed Star Wars electronic game was Kenner's 1979 table-top Star Wars Electronic Battle Command.[151][152] In 1982, Parker Brothers published the first Star Wars video game for the Atari 2600, The Empire Strikes Back.[153] It was followed in 1983 by Atari's rail shooter arcade game Star Wars, which used vector graphics and was based on the Death Star trench run scene from the 1977 film.[154] The next game, Return of the Jedi (1984), used more traditional raster graphics,[155] with the following game The Empire Strikes Back (1985) returning to vector graphics.[156] Star Wars was released for Nintendo in 1991, followed by a sequel the next year. Super Star Wars was also released in 1992, followed by two sequels over the next two years. Lucasfilm had started its own video game company in 1982, becomong known for adventure games and World War II flight combat games. In 1993, LucasArts released Star Wars: X-Wing, the first self-published Star Wars video game and the first space flight simulation based on the franchise.[157] It was one of the best-selling games of 1993, and established its own series of games.[157] The Rogue Squadron series released between 1998 and 2003 also focused on space battles set during the films. Dark Forces (1995), a hybrid adventure game incorporating puzzles and strategy,[158] was the first Star Wars first-person shooter.[159] It featured gameplay and graphical features not then common in other games, made possible by LucasArts' custom-designed game engine, the Jedi.[159][158][160][161] The game was well received,[162][163][164] and followed by four sequels.[165][166] The series introduced Kyle Katarn, who would appear in multiple games, novels, and comics.[167] Katarn is a former stormtrooper who joins the rebellion and becomes a Jedi,[159][168][169] a plot arc similar to that of Finn in The Force Awakens.[120] A massively multiplayer online role-playing game, Star Wars Galaxies, was in operation from 2003 until 2011. Disney partnered with Lenovo to create the augmented reality game Jedi Challenges, released in November 2017.[170][171] In August 2018, it was announced that Zynga would publish free-to-play Star Wars mobile games.[172] Theme park attractions Main article: List of Star Wars theme parks attractions In addition to the Disneyland ride Star Tours (1987) and its renovation as Star Tours – The Adventures Continue (2011), many live attractions have been held at Disney parks, including the traveling exhibition Where Science Meets Imagination, the Space Mountain spin-off Hyperspace Mountain, a walkthrough Launch Bay, and the nighttime A Galactic Spectacular. An immersive themed area called Galaxy's Edge is planned for Disneyland and Walt Disney World in 2019,[173] and a themed hotel will open at Walt Disney World in mid-2019.[174] Title Park(s) Opening date Closing date Status Live attractions Star Tours Disneyland January 9, 1987 July 27, 2010 Closed Tokyo Disneyland July 12, 1989 April 2, 2012 Disney's Hollywood Studios December 15, 1989 September 7, 2010 Disneyland Paris April 12, 1992 March 16, 2016 Star Wars Weekends Disney's Hollywood Studios 1997 2015 Star Wars: Where Science Meets Imagination Multiple locations October 19, 2005 March 23, 2014 Jedi Training Academy Disneyland July 1, 2006 November 15, 2015 Disney's Hollywood Studios October 9, 2007 October 5, 2015 Star Tours – The Adventures Continue Disney's Hollywood Studios May 20, 2011 – Operating Disneyland June 3, 2011 – Tokyo Disneyland May 7, 2013 – Disneyland Paris March 26, 2017 – Star Wars Hyperspace Mountain Disneyland November 14, 2015 May 31, 2017 Closed Hong Kong Disneyland June 11, 2016 – Operating Disneyland Paris May 7, 2017 – Star Wars Launch Bay Disneyland November 16, 2015 – Disney's Hollywood Studios December 4, 2015 – Shanghai Disneyland Park June 16, 2016 – Jedi Training: Trials of the Temple Disney's Hollywood Studios December 1, 2015 – Disneyland December 8, 2015 – Disneyland Paris July 11, 2015 – Hong Kong Disneyland June 25, 2016 – Star Wars: A Galactic Spectacular Disney's Hollywood Studios June 17, 2016 – Multimedia projects A multimedia project involves works released across multiple types of media. Shadows of the Empire (1996) was a multimedia project set between The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi that included a novel by Steve Perry, a comic book series, a video game, and action figures.[109][110] The Force Unleashed (2008–2010) was a similar project set between Revenge of the Sith and A New Hope that included a novel, a 2008 video game and its 2010 sequel, a graphic novel, a role-playing game supplement, and toys.[175][176] Merchandising Main articles: Kenner Star Wars action figures, List of Kenner Star Wars action figures, Star Wars: The Vintage Collection, Lego Star Wars, List of Lego Star Wars sets, Star Wars trading card, and Star Wars role-playing games The success of the Star Wars films led the franchise to become one of the most merchandised franchises in the world. While filming the original 1977 film, George Lucas decided to take a $500,000 pay cut to his salary as director in exchange for full ownership of the franchise's merchandising rights. The first six films produced approximately US$20 billion in merchandising revenue.[26] Kenner made the first Star Wars action figures to coincide with the release of the film, and today the original figures are highly valuable. Since the 1990s, Hasbro holds the rights to create action figures based on the saga. Pez dispensers have been produced.[177] Star Wars was the first intellectual property to be licensed in Lego history, which has produced a Star Wars Lego theme.[178] Lego has produced animated parody short films and comedy mini-series to promote their sets.[179] The Lego Star Wars video games are critically acclaimed best sellers.[180][181] In 1977 the board game Star Wars: Escape from the Death Star was released,[182] not to be confused with the board game with the same name published in 1990.[183] A Star Wars Monopoly and themed versions of Trivial Pursuit and Battleship were released in 1997, with updated versions released in subsequent years. The board game Risk has been adapted in two editions by Hasbro: The Clone Wars Edition (2005)[184] and the Original Trilogy Edition (2006).[185] Three Star Wars tabletop role-playing games have been developed: a version by West End Games in the 1980s and 1990s, one by Wizards of the Coast in the 2000s, and one by Fantasy Flight Games in the 2010s. Star Wars trading cards have been published since the first "blue" series, by Topps, in 1977.[186] Dozens of series have been produced, with Topps being the licensed creator in the United States. Some of the card series are of film stills, while others are original art. Many of the cards have become highly collectible with some very rare "promos", such as the 1993 Galaxy Series II "floating Yoda" P3 card often commanding US$1,000 or more. While most "base" or "common card" sets are plentiful, many "insert" or "chase cards" are very rare.[187] From 1995 until 2001, Decipher, Inc. had the license for, created and produced a collectible card game based on Star Wars; the Star Wars Collectible Card Game (also known as SWCCG). Themes See also: Star Wars sources and analogues Aside from its well-known science fictional technology, Star Wars features elements such as knighthood, chivalry, and princesses that are related to archetypes of the fantasy genre.[188] The Star Wars world, unlike science fiction that features sleek and futuristic settings, is portrayed as dirty and grimy. Lucas' vision of a "used future" was further popularized in the science fiction films Alien,[189] which was set on an aged space freighter; Mad Max 2, which is set in a post-apocalyptic desert; and Blade Runner, which is set in a crumbling, dystopian city of the future. Lucas made a conscious effort to parallel scenes and dialogue between films, and especially the journey of Anakin Skywalker in the prequels with that of his son Luke. Historical influences Political science has been an important element of Star Wars since the franchise launched in 1977, focusing on a struggle between democracy and dictatorship. McQuarrie's designs for Darth Vader, initially inspired by Samurai armor, also incorporated a German military helmet.[190][191] Space battles in A New Hope were based on World War I and World War II dogfights,[192] and stormtroopers borrow the name of Nazi "shock" troopers. Imperial officers wear uniforms resembling those of German forces during World War II,[193] and political and security officers resemble the black-clad SS down to the stylized silver death's head on their caps. World War II terms were used for names in the films; e.g. the planets Kessel (a term that refers to a group of encircled forces) and Hoth (Hermann Hoth was a German general who served on the snow-laden Eastern Front).[194] Palpatine being a chancellor before becoming the Emperor in the prequel trilogy alludes to Adolf Hitler's role as chancellor before appointing himself Führer.[193] Lucas has also drawn parallels to historical dictators such as Julius Caesar, Napoleon Bonaparte, and Richard Nixon.[195][196] The Great Jedi Purge mirrors the events of the Night of the Long Knives.[197] The corruption of the Galactic Republic is modeled after the fall of the democratic Roman Republic and the formation of an empire.[198][199] On the inspiration for the First Order formed "from the ashes of the Empire", The Force Awakens director J.J. Abrams spoke of conversations the writers had about how the Nazis could have escaped to Argentina after WWII and "started working together again."[9] Cultural impact Main article: Cultural impact of Star Wars The lightsaber and the blaster have become an iconic part of the franchise and have appeared throughout popular culture. The Star Wars saga has had a significant impact on popular culture,[200] with references to its fictional universe deeply embedded in everyday life.[201] Phrases like "evil empire" and "May the Force be with you" have become part of the popular lexicon.[202] The first Star Wars film in 1977 was a cultural unifier,[203] enjoyed by a wide spectrum of people.[204] The film can be said to have helped launch the science fiction boom of the late 1970s and early 1980s, making science fiction films a blockbuster genre and mainstream.[205] The widespread impact made it a prime target for parody works and homages, with popular examples including Hardware Wars, Spaceballs, The Family Guy Trilogy, Robot Chicken: Star Wars, and its sequels Star Wars – Episode II and Episode III. In 1989, the Library of Congress selected the original Star Wars film for preservation in the U.S. National Film Registry, as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant."[206] The Empire Strikes Back, was selected in 2010.[207][208] 35mm reels of the 1997 Special Editions were the versions initially presented for preservation because of the difficulty of transferring from the original prints,[209][210] but it was later revealed that the Library possessed a copyright deposit print of the original theatrical releases.[211] Industry The original Star Wars film was a huge success for 20th Century Fox, and was credited for reinvigorating the company. Within three weeks of the film's release, the studio's stock price doubled to a record high. Prior to 1977, 20th Century Fox's greatest annual profits were $37 million, while in 1977, the company broke that record by posting a profit of $79 million.[192] The franchise helped Fox to change from an almost bankrupt production company to a thriving media conglomerate.[212] Star Wars fundamentally changed the aesthetics and narratives of Hollywood films, switching the focus of Hollywood-made films from deep, meaningful stories based on dramatic conflict, themes and irony to sprawling special-effects-laden blockbusters, as well as changing the Hollywood film industry in fundamental ways. Before Star Wars, special effects in films had not appreciably advanced since the 1950s.[213] The commercial success of Star Wars created a boom in state-of-the-art special effects in the late 1970s.[212] Along with Jaws, Star Wars started the tradition of the summer blockbuster film in the entertainment industry, where films open on many screens at the same time and profitable franchises are important.[214][204] It created the model for the major film trilogy and showed that merchandising rights on a film could generate more money than the film itself did.[203] Fan works Main article: Star Wars fan films The Star Wars saga has inspired many fans to create their own non-canon material set in the Star Wars galaxy. In recent years, this has ranged from writing fan fiction to creating fan films. In 2002, Lucasfilm sponsored the first annual Official Star Wars Fan Film Awards, officially recognizing filmmakers and the genre. Because of concerns over potential copyright and trademark issues, however, the contest was initially open only to parodies, mockumentaries, and documentaries. Fan fiction films set in the Star Wars universe were originally ineligible, but in 2007, Lucasfilm changed the submission standards to allow in-universe fiction entries.[215] Lucasfilm has allowed but not endorsed the creation of fan fiction, as long as it does not attempt to make a profit.[216] Academia As the characters and the storyline of the original trilogy are so well known, educators have used the films in the classroom as a learning resource. For example, a project in Western Australia honed elementary school students storytelling skills by role-playing action scenes from the movies and later creating props and audio/visual scenery to enhance their performance.[217] Others have used the films to encourage second-level students to integrate technology in the science classroom by making prototype lightsabers.[218] Similarly, psychiatrists in New Zealand and the US have advocated their use in the university classroom to explain different types of psychopathology.[219][220] See also Flag of the United States.svgUnited States portalUnited States film clapperboard.svgFilm in the United States portalUSA flag on television.svgTelevision in the United States portalAnimation disc.svgAnimation portalMad scientist.svgCartoon portalSpeech balloon.svgComics portalToy Soldier.svgToys portalWPVG icon 2016.svgVideo games portalLightsaber blue.svgStar Wars portalSf-userbox.pngScience fiction portalMr. Smiley Face.svg1970s portalRubik's cube v3.svg1980s portalAlcatel 9109HA.png1990s portalBlue iPod Nano.jpg2000s portalSamsung Galaxy S5 Vector.svg2010s portal Architecture of Star Wars Empire of Dreams: The Story of the Star Wars Trilogy Jedi census phenomenon Jediism List of Star Wars creatures Physics and Star Wars Star Wars Day Music of Star Wars Star Wars documentaries The Story of Star Wars Technology in Star Wars List of space science fiction franchises References Informational notes Although Star Wars: From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker, the film's novelization, came out in November 1976. 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"The science of Star Wars: Integrating technology and the Benchmarks for Science Literacy". Maynooth University LibrarySearch. November 1, 2006. Retrieved November 9, 2017. Friedman, Susan Hatters; Hall, Ryan C. W. (2015-12-01). "Teaching Psychopathology in a Galaxy Far, Far Away: The Light Side of the Force". Academic Psychiatry. 39 (6): 719–725. doi:10.1007/s40596-015-0340-y. ISSN 1042-9670. PMID 25933645. Hall, Ryan C. W.; Friedman, Susan Hatters (2015-12-01). "Psychopathology in a Galaxy Far, Far Away: the Use of Star Wars' Dark Side in Teaching". Academic Psychiatry. 39 (6): 726–732. doi:10.1007/s40596-015-0337-6. ISSN 1042-9670. PMID 25943902. Bibliography Arnold, Alan (1980). Once Upon a Galaxy: A Journal of the Making of The Empire Strikes Back. Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-345-29075-5. Bouzereau, Laurent (1997). The Annotated Screenplays. Del Rey. ISBN 978-0-345-40981-2. Kaminski, Michael (2007). The Secret History of Star Wars. ——— (2008) [2007]. The Secret History of Star Wars (3.0 ed.). Legacy Books Press. ISBN 978-0-9784652-3-0. Rinzler, Jonathan W. (2005). The Making of Star Wars, Episode III – Revenge of the Sith. Del Rey. ISBN 978-0-345-43139-4. ——— (2007). The Making of Star Wars: The Definitive Story Behind the Original Film (Star Wars). Del Rey. ISBN 978-0-345-49476-4. Further reading Decker, Kevin S. (2005). Star Wars and Philosophy. Open Court. ISBN 978-0-8126-9583-0. Campbell, Joseph (1991). The Power of Myth. Anchor. ISBN 978-0-385-41886-7. Henderson, Mary (1997). Star Wars: The Magic of Myth. Bantam. ISBN 978-0-553-10206-2. Larsen, Stephen (2002). Joseph Campbell: A Fire in the Mind. Inner Traditions. ISBN 978-0-89281-873-0. Cavlelos, Jeanne (1999). The Science of Star Wars. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-20958-2. Nancy R. Reagin, Janice Liedl, ed. (2012). Star Wars and History. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-60200-3. National Geographic Society (October 2005). Star Wars: Where Science Meets Imagination. National Geographic & Boston Museum of Science. ISBN 978-0-7922-4183-6. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to: Star Wars Wikibooks has more on the topic of: Star Wars Wikimedia Commons has media related to Star Wars. Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Star Wars tourism. 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Freemaker Adventures (2016–17) Star Wars Resistance (2018–present) Star Wars Detours (unaired) TV films Caravan of Courage: An Ewok Adventure (1984) Ewoks: The Battle for Endor (1985) Theme park films Captain EO (1986) Star Tours (1987) ExtraTERRORestrial Alien Encounter (1995) Star Tours – The Adventures Continue (2011) Franchises Star Wars Indiana Jones Related productions THX 1138 (1971) Divisions Industrial Light & Magic Skywalker Sound Lucasfilm Animation LucasArts Former divisions The Droid Works EditDroid SoundDroid Kerner Optical Pixar THX People George Lucas (Founder) Kathleen Kennedy (President) Howard Roffman (EVP, Franchise Management) Parent: Walt Disney Studios (The Walt Disney Company) vte George Lucas filmography Films directed Feature THX 1138 (1971) American Graffiti (1973) Star Wars (1977) Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace (1999) Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones (2002) Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (2005) Short Look at Life (1965) Herbie (1965, with Paul Golding) Freiheit (1966) 1:42.08 (1966) Electronic Labyrinth: THX 1138 4EB (1967) The Emperor (1967) Anyone Lived in a Pretty How Town (1967) 6-18-67 (1967) Filmmaker (1968) Bald: The Making of THX 1138 (1971, uncredited) Films written Feature The Empire Strikes Back (1980) Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981) Return of the Jedi (1983) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984) Willow (1988) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989) Radioland Murders (1994) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008) Strange Magic (2015) Short Captain EO (1986) Films produced Feature The Rain People (1969, associate) More American Graffiti (1979) Kagemusha (1980) Body Heat (1981, uncredited) Twice Upon a Time (1983) Latino (1985, uncredited) Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters (1985) Labyrinth (1986) Howard the Duck (1986) Powaqqatsi (1988) Tucker: The Man and His Dream (1988) The Land Before Time (1988) Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008) Red Tails (2012) Short Star Tours (1987) Star Tours – The Adventures Continue (2011) Television Writer Caravan of Courage: An Ewok Adventure (1984) Ewoks: The Battle for Endor (1985) Creator The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (1992–96) Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008–present) Star Wars Detours (Cancelled) Producer Ewoks (1985–86) Star Wars: Droids (1985–86) Inside the Labyrinth (1986) Star Wars: Clone Wars (2003–05) The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones Documentaries (2007–08) Double Victory: The Tuskegee Airmen at War (2012) Related American Zoetrope Indiana Jones Lucasfilm ILM LucasArts Lucasfilm Animation Skywalker Sound Pixar Skywalker Ranch Star Wars The Star Wars Corporation THX Edutopia vte Unofficial Star Wars media Fan films The Official Star Wars Fan Film Awards Star Wars Mini Movie Awards Broken Allegiance Chad Vader Crazy Watto The Dark Redemption Dark Resurrection Darth Vader's Psychic Hotline Duality The Formula George Lucas in Love Hardware Wars Harmy's Despecialized Edition How the Sith Stole Christmas 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J. Abrams Produced by Kathleen Kennedy J. J. Abrams Michelle Rejwan Written by J. J. Abrams Chris Terrio Based on Star Wars by George Lucas Starring Daisy Ridley Adam Driver John Boyega Oscar Isaac Lupita Nyong'o Domhnall Gleeson Kelly Marie Tran Joonas Suotamo Billie Lourd Naomi Ackie Richard E. Grant Keri Russell Mark Hamill Anthony Daniels Billy Dee Williams Carrie Fisher Music by John Williams Cinematography Dan Mindel[1] Edited by Maryann Brandon[1] Stefan Grube[1] Production company Lucasfilm Ltd. Bad Robot Productions Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date December 20, 2019 (United States) Country United States Language English Star Wars: Episode IX is an upcoming American epic space opera film produced, co-written, and directed by J. J. Abrams. It will be the third and final installment of the Star Wars sequel trilogy following The Force Awakens (2015) and The Last Jedi (2017). The film is produced by Lucasfilm and Bad Robot Productions and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. The film was announced after Disney's acquisition of Lucasfilm in October 2012, with Colin Trevorrow announced as the film's director in August 2015. In September 2017, Trevorrow left the project due to creative differences; he was replaced by Abrams, who previously directed The Force Awakens. Filming began in August 2018 at Pinewood Studios in London. Episode IX is set to be released on December 20, 2019 in the United States. Cast See also: List of Star Wars characters and List of Star Wars cast members Daisy Ridley[2] as Rey, an orphaned girl from the planet Jakku and a Jedi mentored by Luke Skywalker. Adam Driver[2] as Kylo Ren, the master of the Knights of Ren and Supreme Leader of the First Order after the death of Snoke. Born as Ben Solo, he is the son of Han Solo and Leia Organa, and the grandson of Darth Vader. John Boyega[2] as Finn, a former stormtrooper from the First Order who joins the Resistance. Oscar Isaac[2] as Poe Dameron, an ace X-wing pilot in the Resistance. Lupita Nyong'o[1] as Maz Kanata, a pirate and ally of the Resistance. Domhnall Gleeson[1] as General Hux, second-in-command of the First Order and a rival of Kylo Ren. Kelly Marie Tran[1] as Rose Tico, a maintenance worker in the Resistance. Joonas Suotamo[1] as Chewbacca, a Wookiee, the longtime friend and partner of Han Solo and a co-pilot of the Millennium Falcon with Rey. Billie Lourd[1] as Lieutenant Connix, a lieutenant in the Resistance. Naomi Ackie[1] Richard E. Grant[1] Keri Russell[3] Mark Hamill[1] as Luke Skywalker, son of Anakin Skywalker and Padmé Amidala, twin brother of Leia and the Jedi Master who mentored Rey in the previous film. Anthony Daniels[1] as C-3PO, a humanoid protocol droid in the service of Leia Organa. Billy Dee Williams[4][1] as Lando Calrissian, an old friend of Han and Leia, and a veteran general of the Rebel Alliance. Carrie Fisher[1] as Leia Organa, the twin sister of Luke Skywalker, and leading general of the Resistance. Fisher, who died in late 2016, will appear through the use of unreleased footage from The Force Awakens and The Last Jedi.[5] Additionally, Jimmy Vee and Greg Grunberg reprise their roles as R2-D2 and Snap Wexley,[6][7] respectively, from previous films. Brian Herring returns to puppeteer BB-8.[8] Dominic Monaghan and Matt Smith have been cast in unspecified roles.[9][10] Production Development See also: Star Wars sequel trilogy In October 2012, Star Wars creator George Lucas sold his production company Lucasfilm, and with it the Star Wars franchise, to The Walt Disney Company. Disney announced a new trilogy of Star Wars films.[11] In August 2015, Colin Trevorrow was announced as the director of Star Wars: Episode IX.[12] Trevorrow, along with Derek Connolly, would be writing the script.[12][13] It was also announced that Rian Johnson, director and writer of Star Wars: The Last Jedi, would be creating a story treatment for the film;[14] however, by April 2017, Johnson stated he would not be involved with writing the film, claiming it was "old info".[15] In February 2016, Disney chief executive officer Bob Iger confirmed that pre-production of Episode IX had begun.[16] In December 2016, following Carrie Fisher's death, Variety and Reuters reported that Fisher was slated for a key role in Episode IX.[17] Lucasfilm, Disney and others involved with the film have not revealed how they plan to address Fisher's death and what will become of her character in the film.[18][19][20] In January 2017, Lucasfilm stated that there were no plans to digitally generate Fisher's performance for the film.[21] The following April, Fisher's brother Todd revealed that he and Fisher's daughter Billie Lourd granted Disney and Lucasfilm the rights to use recent footage of the late actress in the film, with the thought again not to have her appear via CGI.[22] Despite this, Kennedy stated that Fisher would not appear in the film.[23][24] At the end of the month, Disney announced the film would be released on May 24, 2019.[25] A month later, filming was expected to begin in January 2018.[26][27] In August 2017, it was announced that Jack Thorne would rewrite the script.[28] On September 5, 2017, Lucasfilm released a statement stating that Trevorrow had parted ways with the production, due to creative differences,[29] with it reported that Trevorrow and Kennedy's relationship had become "unmanageable" after Trevorrow had been given multiple opportunities to work on multiple drafts of the script.[30] Johnson was seen as the top choice to replace him as director,[31] but he stated "it was never in the plan for me to direct Episode IX".[32] A week later, it was announced that J. J. Abrams, director of Star Wars: The Force Awakens, would return to direct Episode IX. Abrams will also co-write the film with Chris Terrio, in addition to producing the film through his company Bad Robot Productions, with Kennedy and Michelle Rejwan.[33][34] Disney also moved the film's release date to December 20, 2019.[35] In July 2018, Keri Russell was in talks to play a part for some "action-heavy fight scenes" in the film,[36] along with the confirmation that Billy Dee Williams will return as Lando Calrissian.[4] At the end of the month, Russell was confirmed to have been cast,[3] along with the announcement of returning and additional new cast members. Carrie Fisher will appear in the film using unreleased footage she filmed for The Force Awakens and The Last Jedi.[1][5] In late August, Dominic Monaghan and Matt Smith were cast in unspecified roles.[9][10] Additionally, Jimmy Vee and Greg Grunberg reprise their roles as R2-D2 and Snap Wexley,[37][38] respectively, from previous films. Brian Herring returns to puppeteer BB-8.[39] Filming Principal photography began on August 1, 2018, at Pinewood Studios in London, England.[1] Oscar Isaac stated that Abrams is allowing more improvised acting than in the previous two films.[40] Filming is expected to be completed by February 2019.[41] Music On January 10, 2018, it was reported that John Williams, who composed the eight previous saga films, will return to compose and conduct the music for Episode IX.[42][43] The next month, Williams announced that Episode IX will be the last Star Wars film he will be composing.[44] Release Star Wars: Episode IX is scheduled to be released on December 20, 2019, in the United States.[35] It had originally been scheduled for May 24, 2019.[25] References Hipes, Patrick (July 27, 2018). "'Star Wars: Episode IX' Rounds Out Cast, Which Will Include Carrie Fisher In Unreleased Footage". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved July 27, 2018. Hutchinson, Corey (December 18, 2017). "Star Wars: Every Confirmed Cast Member For Episode 9". Screen Rant. Retrieved January 2, 2018. Hipes, Patrick (July 27, 2018). "Keri Russell Is In 'Star Wars: Episode IX' After All". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved July 29, 2018. Kit, Borys (July 9, 2018). "'Star Wars': Billy Dee Williams Reprising Role as Lando Calrissian". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on July 10, 2018. Retrieved July 9, 2018. Agar, Chris (August 3, 2018). "Star Wars 9 Will Use The Last Jedi Footage of Leia". ScreenRant. Retrieved August 3, 2018. Vee, Jimmy [@realjimmyvee] (March 18, 2018). "Yes, hopefully I'll be in all of them from now on" (Tweet) – via Twitter. "Star Wars: Greg Grunberg Teases Episode IX Return". Herring, Brian [@BrianHezza] (August 7, 2018). "1st shooting day for the little guy!" (Tweet) – via Twitter. Fleming, Mike (August 24, 2018). "Dominic Monaghan Re-Unites With JJ Abrams In Star Wars: Episode IX". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved August 24, 2018. D'Alessandro, Anthony (August 28, 2018). "'Star Wars: Episode IX' Taps 'Doctor Who' Alum Matt Smith". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved August 28, 2018. Leonard, Devin (March 7, 2013). "How Disney Bought Lucasfilm—and Its Plans for 'Star Wars'". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved May 26, 2013. Rebecca, Ford (August 15, 2015). "'Star Wars: Episode IX' Sets 'Jurassic World' Director Colin Trevorrow to Helm". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 16, 2015. Chitwood, Adam (January 12, 2016). "'Star Wars: Episode IX' Director Colin Trevorrow Promises "Satisfying" Answer to Rey Theories". Collider.com. Retrieved April 7, 2017. Ford, Rebecca; Siegel, Tatiana (June 20, 2014). "'Star Wars: Episode VIII' Sets Director". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved June 20, 2014. Johnson, Rian [@rianjohnson] (April 24, 2017). "That's old info, I haven't been involved in writing IX" (Tweet). Retrieved April 25, 2017 – via Twitter. Breznican, Anthony (February 10, 2016). "Star Wars: Episode VIII has started filming". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved February 10, 2016. "How will Carrie Fisher's death affect the Star Wars franchise and will they recast Princess Leia?". Telegraph. December 28, 2016. Retrieved December 29, 2016. Littleton, Cynthia (December 27, 2016). "Carrie Fisher Completed Work on 'Star Wars: Episode VIII' Before Her Death". Variety. Retrieved December 27, 2016. Maresca, Rachel (December 27, 2016). "Carrie Fisher Wrapped Filming on 'Star Wars: Episode VIII': What Does Her Death Mean for 'Episode IX'?". Entertainment Tonight. Retrieved December 27, 2016. Sheridan, Wade (December 28, 2016). "Carrie Fisher to appear in new 'Family Guy' shows, 'Star Wars: Episode VIII'". UPI. Retrieved December 28, 2016. "A Statement Regarding New Rumors". StarWars.com. January 13, 2017. Retrieved January 23, 2017. Desorbough, James (April 7, 2017). "The late Carrie Fisher will appear in final Star Wars movie, says brother Todd Fisher". The New York Daily News. Retrieved April 7, 2017. Parker, Ryan (April 14, 2017). "Carrie Fisher Will Not Appear in 'Star Wars: Episode IX'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved April 15, 2017. Khatchatourian, Maane (April 14, 2017). "Carrie Fisher Won't Appear in 'Star Wars: Episode IX'". Variety. Retrieved April 15, 2017. Khatchatourian, Maane (April 25, 2017). "Disney Dates 'Lion King' and 'Frozen 2', Pushes Fifth 'Indiana Jones' Film to 2020". Variety. Archived from the original on April 25, 2017. Retrieved April 25, 2017. Hornbuckle, Jon (May 26, 2017). "Star Wars: Episode IX to delay filming until 2018 following script rewrites after Carrie Fisher's tragic death". The Sun. Retrieved July 4, 2017. Kim, Lawrence (June 3, 2017). "Star Wars: Episode IX to begin filming in January 2018". Click Lancashire. Retrieved July 4, 2017. Kit, Borys (August 1, 2017). "'Star Wars: Episode IX' Gets a New Writer (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 13, 2017. McNary, Dave (September 5, 2017). "Colin Trevorrow Out as 'Star Wars: Episode IX' Director". Variety. Retrieved September 5, 2017. Kit, Borys; Galuppo, Mia (September 5, 2017). "Colin Trevorrow Out as 'Star Wars: Episode IX' Director". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 12, 2017. Fleming Jr, Mike (September 6, 2017). "Might Rian Johnson Return For 'Star Wars: Episode IX'?". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved September 5, 2017. Perry, Spencer (September 11, 2017). "Rian Johnson Casts Doubt on Directing Star Wars: Episode IX". ComingSoon.net. Retrieved September 12, 2017. Kroll, Justin (September 12, 2017). "J.J. Abrams to Replace Colin Trevorrow as Director of 'Star Wars: Episode IX'". Variety. Retrieved September 12, 2017. "J.J. Abrams To Write And Direct Star Wars: Episode IX". StarWars.com. September 12, 2017. Retrieved September 12, 2017. Parker, Ryan (September 12, 2017). "J.J. Abrams to Replace Colin Trevorrow as 'Star Wars: Episode IX' Writer and Director". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 12, 2017. Kroll, Justin (July 6, 2018). "'Star Wars: Episode IX' Eyes Keri Russell (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved July 6, 2018. Vee, Jimmy [@realjimmyvee] (March 18, 2018). "Yes, hopefully I'll be in all of them from now on" (Tweet) – via Twitter. "Star Wars: Greg Grunberg Teases Episode IX Return". Herring, Brian [@BrianHezza] (August 7, 2018). "1st shooting day for the little guy!" (Tweet) – via Twitter. Kohn, Eric (October 12, 2018). "Oscar Isaac Is Taking the Year Off After 'Star Wars: Episode IX,' So He's Passing on Everything". IndieWire. Retrieved October 12, 2018. Agar, Chris (August 20, 2018). "Star Wars: Episode 9 Expected To Wrap Filming By February 2019". ScreenRant. Retrieved August 23, 2018. Weiss, Josh (January 10, 2018). "John Williams Says He's Scoring Star Wars: Episode IX For J.J. Abrams". Syfy Wire. Retrieved January 11, 2018. Jones, Jordan (January 11, 2018). "John Williams will be returning for Star Wars: Episode IX". Flickering Myth. Retrieved January 11, 2018. Hughes, William (March 3, 2018). "John Williams says he's only got one more of these damn Star Wars movies in him". The A.V. Club. Retrieved March 3, 2018. External links icon Film in the United States portal Star Wars portal icon Disney portal icon 2010s portal Star Wars: Episode IX on IMDb Star Wars: Episode IX at Rotten Tomatoes Edit this at Wikidata vte Star Wars Feature films Saga Star Wars The Empire Strikes Back Return of the Jedi The Phantom Menace Attack of the Clones Revenge of the Sith The Force Awakens accolades box office records The Last Jedi Episode IX Anthology Rogue One Solo Other The Clone Wars Television Series Droids Ewoks Clone Wars The Clone Wars cast episodes Rebels characters episodes Forces of Destiny Resistance The Mandalorian Detours (unaired) Films Holiday Special The Ewok Adventure Ewoks: The Battle for Endor Audio and Music Audio dramas Audio novels Radio dramatizations of the films Soundtracks Star Wars The Empire Strikes Back Return of the Jedi Ewoks The Phantom Menace Attack of the Clones Revenge of the Sith The Clone Wars The Force Awakens Rogue One The Last Jedi Solo Themes "Star Wars (Main Title)" "The Imperial March" "Ewok Celebration" "Duel of the Fates" "Battle of the Heroes" Production George Lucas Lucasfilm Cast Characters Changes in film re-releases Han shot first Filming locations Opening crawl Sequel trilogy Sources and analogues Art Outside media Attractions A Galactic Spectacular Jedi Training: Trials of the Temple Star Tours The Adventures Continue Galaxy's Edge Star Wars Hotel Star Wars Hyperspace Mountain Star Wars Launch Bay Star Wars Weekends Where Science Meets Imagination Other works Video games list Books non-fiction Comics list Manga Legends Characters Storylines Shadows of the Empire Knights of the Old Republic The Force Unleashed The Old Republic Television specials The Making of Star Wars SP FX: The Empire Strikes Back Classic Creatures: Return of the Jedi From Star Wars to Jedi: The Making of a Saga Merchandise Action figures Kenner list Hasbro Vintage Collection Star Wars Transformers Games Star Wars Pez Force Trainer Shepperton Design Studios Trading cards Vinylmation Star Wars Rollinz toys Lego List of sets The Yoda Chronicles Droid Tales The Resistance Rises The Freemaker Adventures Cultural impact 501st Legion Comparison to Star Trek Fan films Parodies Force for Change Jedi census Jediism Rebel Legion Star Wars Celebration Star Wars Day Star Wars: In Concert Star Wars Insider Wookieepedia TheForce.Net Yoda conditions Wikipedia book Book Category Category Portal Portal vte Lucasfilm Productions Films American Graffiti (1973) Star Wars (1977) More American Graffiti (1979) The Empire Strikes Back (1980) Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981) Return of the Jedi (1983) Twice Upon a Time (1983) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984) Latino (1985) Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters (1985) Labyrinth (1986) Howard the Duck (1986) Tucker: The Man and His Dream (1988) Willow (1988) The Land Before Time (1988) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989) Radioland Murders (1994) Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace (1999) Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones (2002) Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (2005) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008) Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008) Red Tails (2012) Strange Magic (2015) Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015) Rogue One (2016) Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017) Solo (2018) Star Wars: Episode IX (2019) TV series Star Wars: Droids (1985–86) Ewoks (1985–86) Maniac Mansion (1990–93) The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (1992–93) Star Wars: Clone Wars (2003–05) Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008–present) Star Wars Rebels (2014–18) Lego Star Wars: The Freemaker Adventures (2016–17) Star Wars Resistance (2018–present) Star Wars Detours (unaired) TV films Caravan of Courage: An Ewok Adventure (1984) Ewoks: The Battle for Endor (1985) Theme park films Captain EO (1986) Star Tours (1987) ExtraTERRORestrial Alien Encounter (1995) Star Tours – The Adventures Continue (2011) Franchises Star Wars Indiana Jones Related productions THX 1138 (1971) Divisions Industrial Light & Magic Skywalker Sound Lucasfilm Animation LucasArts Former divisions The Droid Works EditDroid SoundDroid Kerner Optical Pixar THX People George Lucas (Founder) Kathleen Kennedy (President) Howard Roffman (EVP, Franchise Management) Parent: Walt Disney Studios (The Walt Disney Company) vte J. J. Abrams Films Director Mission: Impossible III (2006, also wrote) Star Trek (2009, also produced) Super 8 (2011, also wrote, produced) Star Trek Into Darkness (2013, also produced) Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015, also wrote, produced) Star Wars: Episode IX (2019, also wrote, produced) Writer Taking Care of Business (1990) Regarding Henry (1991) Forever Young (1992) Gone Fishin' (1997) Armageddon (1998) Joy Ride (2001, also produced) Producer The Pallbearer (1996) The Suburbans (1999) Cloverfield (2008) Morning Glory (2010) Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol (2011) Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation (2015) 10 Cloverfield Lane (2016) Star Trek Beyond (2016) The Cloverfield Paradox (2018) Mission: Impossible – Fallout (2018) Overlord (2018) Television Felicity (1998–2002) Alias (2001–2006) Lost (2004–2010) Fringe (2008–2013) Undercovers (2010) Demimonde (TBA) Related Bad Robot Productions A necklace is an article of jewellery that is worn around the neck. Necklaces may have been one of the earliest types of adornment worn by humans.[1] They often serve ceremonial, religious, magical, or funerary purposes and are also used as symbols of wealth and status, given that they are commonly made of precious metals and stones. The main component of a necklace is the band, chain, or cord that wraps around the neck. These are most often rendered in precious metals such as gold, silver, and platinum. Necklaces often have additional attachments suspended or inset into the necklace itself. These attachments typically include pendants, lockets, amulets, crosses, and precious and semi-precious materials such as diamond, pearls, rubies, emeralds, garnets, and sapphires. They are made with many different type of materials and are used for many things and sometimes classed as clothing. Prehistoric neckware Prehistoric peoples often used natural materials such as feathers, bone, shells, and plant materials to create necklaces. Evidence of early Upper Paleolithic necklace making in southern Africa and east Africa dates back to 50,000 BP.[2] By the Bronze Age metallic jewellery had replaced pre-metallic adornments.[3] Necklaces were first depicted in statuary and art of the Ancient Near East, and early necklaces made of precious metals with inset stones were created in Europe.[4] Broad collar beaded Egyptian necklace of the 12th dynasty official Wah from his Theban tomb Ancient civilizations In Ancient Mesopotamia, cylinder seals were often strung and worn as jewellery.[5] In Ancient Babylon, necklaces were made of carnelian, lapis lazuli, agate, and gold, which was also made into gold chains.[6] Ancient Sumerians created necklaces and beads from gold, silver, lapis lazuli and carnelian.[6] In Ancient Egypt, a number of difference necklace types were worn. Upper-class Ancient Egyptians wore collars of organic or semi-precious and precious materials for religious, celebratory, and funerary purposes.[7] These collars were often ornamented with semi-precious, glass, pottery, and hollow beads.[4] Beads made from a variety of precious and semi-precious materials were also commonly strung together to create necklaces.[8] Gold that was fashioned into stylised plant, animal, and insect shapes were common as well. Amulets were also turned into necklaces.[9] In Ancient Crete necklaces were worn by all classes; peasants wore stones on flax thread while the wealthy wore beads of agate, pearl, carnelian, amethyst, and rock crystal.[4] Pendants shaped into birds, animals, and humans were also worn, in addition to paste beads.[4] A polychromatic Greek necklace with butterfly pendant In Ancient Greece, delicately made gold necklaces created with repoussé and plaited gold wires were worn.[4] Most often these necklaces were ornamented with blue or green enameled rosettes, animal shapes, or vase-shaped pendants that were often detailed with fringes.[4] It was also common to wear long gold chains with suspended cameos and small containers of perfume.[4] New elements were introduced in the Hellenistic period; colored stones allowed for poly-chromatic pieces, and animal-head finials and spear-like or bud shaped pendants were hung from chains.[6] Ancient Etruscans used granulation to create granulated gold beads which were strung with glass and faience beads to create colorful necklaces.[6] In Ancient Rome necklaces were among the many types of jewellery worn by the Roman elite. Gold and silver necklaces were often ornamented with foreign and semi-precious objects such as amber, pearl, amethyst, sapphire, and diamond.[10] In addition, ropes of pearls, gold plates inset with enamel, and lustrous stones set in gold filigree were often worn.[4] Many large necklaces and the materials that adorned the necklaces were imported from the Near East . Byzantine Christian cross necklace Later in the empire, following barbarian invasions, colorful and gaudy jewellery became popular.[10] In the Byzantine era, ropes of pearls and embossed gold chains were most often worn, but new techniques such as the use of niello allowed for necklaces with brighter, more predominant gemstones .[4] The Early Byzantine Era also saw a shift to distinctly Christian jewellery which displayed the new Christian iconography.[6] Timeline of non-classical European necklaces 2000 BC – AD 400: Bronze amulets embossed with coral were common.[4] In Celtic and Gallic Europe, the most popular necklace was the heavy metal torc, made most often out of bronze, but sometimes out of silver, gold, or glass or amber beads.[6] Bronze 4th-century BC buffer-type torc from France AD 400 - 1300: Early European barbarian groups favored wide, intricate gold collars not unlike the torc.[11] Germanic tribes often wore gold and silver pieces with complex detailing and inlaid with colored glass and semi-precious stones, especially garnet.[6] Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian groups worked mainly in silver, due to a deficit of gold, and wrought patterns and animal forms into neck-rings. In the Gothic period necklaces were uncommon, though there are a few records of diamond, ruby, and pearl necklaces.[11] It was not until the adoption of lower necklines later in the Middle Ages that necklaces became common. 1400 – 1500: During the Renaissance it was fashionable for men to wear a number of chains, plaques, and pendants around their necks, and by the end of the 15th century the wealthiest men would wear great, shoulder covering collars inlaid with gems.[4] Women typically wore simpler pieces, such as gold chains, or strung beads or pearls.[11] By the end of the period, larger, more heavily adorned pieces were common among the wealthy, particularly in Italy.[11] 1500–1600: Long pearl ropes and chains with precious stones were commonly worn.[4] In the latter half of the century, natural adornments, such as coral and pearl, were joined with enamel and metals to create intricate pendants.[12] Heavily jeweled, delicately framed cameo pendants were popular as well.[11] Chokers, last worn commonly in antiquity, also made a resurgence at this time.[6] 1600–1700: Few men in the Baroque period wore jewellery, and for women necklaces were unsophisticated, often a simple strand of pearls or delicately linked and embellished strands of metal with small stones.[4][6] Later in the century, after the invention of new diamond cutting techniques, priority was for the first time given to the jewels themselves, not their settings; it was common for jewels to be pinned to black velvet ribbons.[11] Miniatures also grew in popularity, and were often made into portrait pendants or lockets.[6] 1700–1800: Portrait pendants were still worn, and in extravagantly jeweled settings.[6] The newly wealthy bourgeoisie delighted in jewellery, and the new imitation stones and imitation gold allowed them more access to the necklaces of the time.[6] In the early part of the century, the dominant styles were a velvet ribbon with suspended pendants and the rivière necklace, a single row of large precious stones surrounded by other precious stones.[6] By mid-century colorful, whimsical necklaces made of real and imitation gems were popular, and the end of the century saw a neo-Classical resurgence.[6] In the Age of Enlightenment gowns often featured a neck ruffle which women accented with neck ribbons rather than traditional necklaces, but some women did wear chokers inlaid with rubies and diamonds.[4] Seed pearls were introduced to the United States during the Federalist Era, leading to an increase in lacy pearl necklaces.[13] 1800–1870: The low necklines of the court gowns fashionable at this time led to the use of large necklaces set with precious jewels.[4] In Napoleon's court that ancient Greek style was fashionable, and women wore strands of pearls or gold chains with cameos and jewels.[11][14] In the Romantic period necklaces were extravagant: it was fashionable to wear a tight, gem-encrusted collar with matching jewel pendants attached and rosettes of gems with pearl borders.[4] It was also common to wear jeweled brooches attached to neck ribbons.[4] Some necklaces were opulent in that they were made to be dismantled and reconfigured into a shorter necklace, brooches, and a bracelet.[11] Highly embellished Gothic style necklaces from England reflected the crenelations, vertical lines and high relief of the cathedrals.[11] Empress Eugénie popularised bare décolletage with multiple necklaces on the throat, shoulders, and bosom.[4] There was also an interest in antiquity; mosaic jewellery and Roman and Greek necklaces were reproduced.[6] Machine-made jewellery and electroplating allowed for an influx of inexpensive imitation necklaces.[11] 1870–1910: The Edwardian era saw a resurgence of pearl necklaces, in addition to a dog-collar style of necklace made of gold or platinum with inset diamonds, emeralds, or rubies.[4] The Art Nouveau movement inspired symbolic, abstract designs with natural and animal motifs.[6] The materials used - glass, porcelain, bronze, ivory, mother of pearl, horn, and enamel - were not used for their value, but for their appearance.[11][6] 1910–1970: Chanel popularised costume jewellery, and ropes of glass beads were common. The Art Deco movement created chunky, geometric jewellery that combined multiple types of gems and steel.[6] By the 1960s costume jewellery was widely worn, which resulted in seasonal, ever-changing styles of necklaces and other jewellery.[4] Real jewellery that was common in this period included wholly geometric or organically shaped silver necklaces, and precious gems set in platinum or gold necklaces inspired by the time of the French Empire.[4] Love beads (a single strand of stone or glass beads) and pendant necklaces (most often made of leather cords or metal chains with metal pendants) became popular and were worn mostly by men.[4] Shell necklaces Aboriginal Tasmanian women have been making shell necklaces from maireener (Phasianotrochus irisodontes)shells for at least 2,600 years, with some major collections in museums. The continuation of the practice is being threatened by reducing supply, and sixth-generation Palawa woman Lola Greeno is concerned that the practice will die out.[15][16] Court Necklace In Qing dynasty China, court necklace, also called chao zhu (朝珠), was worn by the Qing dynasty emperors and other members of the imperial family. The court necklace originated from a Buddhist rosary sent in 1643 by the Dalai Lama to the first emperor of Qing. The necklace is composed of 108 small beads, with 4 large beads of contrasting stones to symbolize the 4 seasons and was placed between groups of 27 beads. The necklace was also practical as it could be used for mathematical calculations in the absence of an abacus.[17] Chao zu, Court necklace, Qing dynasty Chao zu, Court necklace, Qing dynasty. Necklace lengths Necklaces are typically classified by length: Necklace length diagram Collar A collar is about 30 centimetres (12 inch) to 33 centimetres (13inch) long and sits high on the neck. Choker A choker is a close-fitting, short necklace, 35 centimetres (14 in) to 41 centimetres (16 in) long. Princess necklace A princess necklace is 45 centimetres (18 in) to 50 centimetres (20 in) long. Matinee necklace A matinee length necklace is 56 centimetres (22 in) to 58 centimetres (23 in) long. Opera necklace An opera necklace is 75 centimetres (30 in) to 90 centimetres (35 in) long and sits at the breastbone. Rope necklace A rope necklace is any necklace longer than opera length. Lariat necklace A lariat is a very long variation on the rope, without a clasp, often worn draped multiple times around the neck. Gallery Tiffany Opal Necklace Minoan Gold Necklace (Archmus Heraklion) Napoleonic-era Diamond Necklace Emerald Necklace Carnelian, Limestone, and Quartz Egyptian necklace Gold Ancient Byzantine Necklace with Pendants Gold and Glass Vandal necklace, c. AD 300 Necklace with Relief Pendant Silver necklace, c. AD 600-650 Frankish Glass Bead Necklace Byzantine Christian cross necklace Byzantine Christian cross necklace Gold and Platinum Necklace German Metal Necklace Necklace made from crochet lace, pearls, and sterling silver. Gold and Platinum French Necklace Glass Necklace Rosaline Pearl Necklace Dirce Repossi White Gold and Diamonds Necklace Gold Roman Necklace with Pendant Coins and Braided Chain- Walters 571600 Uranium glass necklace, circa 1940/1950. Uranium glass glows bright green under ultraviolet light. Other neck uses A digital audio player (DAP) designed to be worn around the neck Non-jewellery items are also used similar to a necklace to be worn on a neck, for example lanyards holding badges and cards. See also Cross necklace Choker Collar Figaro chain Jewellery chain Livery collar Locket Love beads Pendant Torc Usekh collar Further reading Jewelry 7,000 Years ed. Hugh Tait. ISBN 0-8109-8103-3. Jewelry Through the Ages by Guido Gregorietti. ISBN 0-8281-0007-1. 20,000 Years of Fashion: The History of Costume and Personal Adornment by Francois Boucher. ISBN 0-8109-1693-2. References Davenport, Cyril (1902). "Journal of the Society for Arts, Vol. 50, no. 2595". The Journal of the Society of Arts. 50 (2595): 769–780. doi:10.2307/41335652. JSTOR 41335652. McKie, McKie (16 January 2022). "Trail of African bling reveals 50,000-year-old social network". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022. Gerlach, Martin (1971). Primitive and Folk Jewelry. New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-22747-2. Bigelow, Marybelle (1979). Fashion in History. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Burgess Publishing Company. ISBN 0-8087-2800-8. "Cylinder seal and modern impression: hunting scene | Work of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art". The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Retrieved 2017-11-07. Tait, Hugh (1986). Jewelry: 7,000 Years. New York: Abradale Press. ISBN 0-8109-8103-3. "Model collar of Hapiankhtifi | Work of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art". The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Retrieved 2017-11-07. "Necklace of Gold Ball Beads | Work of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art". The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Retrieved 2017-11-07. Patch, Author: Diana Craig. "Egyptian Amulets | Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art". The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Retrieved 2017-11-07. {{cite web}}: |first= has generic name (help) Lightfoot, Author: Christopher. "Luxury Arts of Rome | Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art". The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Retrieved 2017-11-07. {{cite web}}: |first= has generic name (help) Gregorietti, Guido (1969). Jewelry Through the Ages. New York: American Heritage. ISBN 0-8281-0007-1. "Pendant in the Form of Neptune and a Sea Monster | Work of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art". The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Retrieved 2017-11-08. "Necklace | Work of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art". The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Retrieved 2017-11-09. "Parure: tiara, necklace, and brooch | Luigi Saulini, John Gibson | 40.20.55a-c | Work of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art". The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Retrieved 2017-11-08. Trans, Jeppe (9 August 2020). "Fears Indigenous Tasmanian necklaces could become lost art". ABC News. Retrieved 11 August 2020. Greeno, Aunty Lolo (26 May 2020). "Tasmanian Aboriginal shell necklaces". The Australian Museum. Retrieved 12 August 2020. Garrett, Valery M. (2007). Chinese dress : from the Qing Dynasty to the Present. Tokyo: Tuttle Pub. ISBN 978-0-8048-3663-0. OCLC 154701513. vte Jewellery Forms AnkletBarretteBelly chainBelt buckleBindiBolo tieBraceletBroochChatelaineCollar pinCrownCufflinkEarringFerronnièreGenitalLapel pinNecklacePectoralPendantRingTiaraTie chainTie clipTie pinToe ringWatch pocketstrap Making People Bench jewelerClockmakerGoldsmithJewellery designerLapidarySilversmithWatchmaker Processes CarvingCasting centrifugallost-waxvacuumEnamelingEngravingFiligreeKazaziyeMetal clayPlatingPolishingRepoussé and chasingSolderingStonesettingWire sculptureWire wrapped jewelry Tools Draw plateFileHammerMandrelPliers Materials Precious metals GoldPalladiumPlatinumRhodiumSilver Precious metal alloys Britannia silverColored goldCrown goldElectrumShakudōShibuichiSterling silver ArgentiumTumbaga Base metals BrassBronzeCopperMokume-ganeNickel silver (alpac(c)a)PewterPinchbeckStainless steelTitaniumTungsten Mineral gemstones AgateAmazoniteAmethystAventurineBerylCarnelianChrysoberylChrysocollaDiamondDiopsideEmeraldFluoriteGarnetHowliteJadeJasperKyaniteLabradoriteLapis lazuliLarimarMalachiteMarcasiteMoonstoneObsidianOnyxOpalPeridotPrasioliteQuartzRubySapphireSodaliteSpinelSunstoneTanzaniteTiger's eyeTopazTourmalineTurquoiseVarisciteZircon Organic gemstones AbaloneAmberAmmoliteCopalCoral BlackPreciousIvoryJetNacreOperculumPearlTortoiseshell Other natural objects BezoarBog-woodEbonite (vulcanite)Gutta-perchaHairShell Spondylus shellToadstone Terms Art jewelryCarat (mass)Carat (purity)FindingFineness Related topics Body piercingFashionGemologyMetalworkingPhaleristicsWearable art vte Clothing Headwear BeretCap BaseballFlatKnitHat BoaterBowlerFedoraHomburgTopHelmetHoodKerchiefTurbanVeil Neckwear BandsChokerClerical collarNeckerchiefNecktie AscotBoloBowSchoolStockScarfTippet Tops Blouse Cache-cœurCrop topHalterneckTube topShirt DressHenleyPoloSleevelessTSweater CardiganGuernseyHoodieJerseyPolo neckShrugSweater vestTwinsetWaistcoat Trousers Bell-bottomsBondageCapriCargoChapsFormalHigh waterLowriseJeansJodhpursOverallsPalazzoParachutePedal pushersPhatShorts BermudaCyclingDolphinGymHotpantsRunningSlim-fitSweatpantsWindpantsYoga pants Suits and uniforms Ceremonial dress AcademicCourtDiplomaticFolkJumpsuitMilitary FullMessService SailorCombatPantsuitReligious CassockClericalVestmentSchoolPrisonWorkwear BoilersuitCleanroomHazmatSpaceScrubs Dresses and gowns Formal, semi- formal, informal BacklessBouffant gownCoatdressCocktail Little blackEvening Ball gownDebutantePrincess lineStraplessWeddingWrap Casual HouseJumperRomper suitSheathShirtdressSlipSundress Skirts A-lineBallerinaDenimMen'sMiniskirtPencilPrairieRah-rahSarongSkortTutuWrap Underwear and lingerie Top BraCamisoleUndershirt Bottom DiaperLeggingsPantiesPlastic pantsSlipThongUnderpants Boxer briefsBoxer shortsBriefs Full Bodysuit, adultBodysuit, infantLong underwearSee-throughTeddy Coats and outerwear Overcoats CarChesterfieldCovertDuffelDusterGreatcoat British WarmGuards CoatGrecaOver-frockRiding ShadbellyTrenchUlsterCloak OperaPaletotPeaPoloRaincoat Mackintosh Suit coats Frock coat BekisheRekelMess jacketSuit jacket BlazerSmokingSportsTebaTailcoat DressMorning Other Apron PinaforeBlousonCagouleCape FerraioloInvernessMantle, MonasticMantle, RoyalMozzettaPellegrinaCoateeCut-offGiletJacket FlightGoggleHarringtonLeatherMackinawNorfolkSafariJerkinLab coatParkaPonchoRobe BathrobeDressing gownShawlSki suitSleeved blanketWindbreaker Nightwear BabydollBabygrowBlanket sleeperNegligeeNightgownNightshirtPajamas Swimwear BikiniBurkiniBoardshortsDry suitMonokiniOne-pieceRash guardSlingSquare leg suitSwim briefsSwim diaperTrunksWetsuit Footwear BootCourt shoeDress bootDress shoeFlip-flopsSandalShoeSlipperSneakers Legwear SockHold-upsGarterPantyhoseStockingTights Accessories BeltBoutonnièreCoin purseCufflinkCummerbundGaitersGlassesGlovesHeadbandHandbagJewelleryLiveryMuffPocket protectorPocket watchSashSpatsSunglassesSuspendersUmbrellaWalletWatch Dress codes Western Formal Morning dressWhite tieSemi-formal Black lounge suitBlack tieInformalCasual Related Clothing fetishCross-dressingFashion Haute coutureMade-to-measureReady-to-wearLawsTerminology
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